Which disorder is characterized by difficulty decoding written text?

Which disorder is characterized by difficulty decoding written text?

• A. Norm-Referenced test
• B. Criterion Referenced Tests
• C. Dyslexia
• D. Internalizing behaviors

Answer: (C)

Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty decoding written text. Decoding involves translating letters into sounds and blending those sounds to read words. In dyslexia, underlying phonological processing weaknesses make learning and consistently applying sound-letter relationships hard, which lowers reading accuracy and fluency even when intelligence is typical and instruction is solid. Effective supports include explicit, systematic phonics instruction, ample decoding practice, and multisensory approaches to reinforce letter–sound connections. The other options describe types of assessments or behavioral patterns rather than a reading disability. Norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests are ways to measure performance, while internalizing behaviors refer to emotional or social-emotional challenges, not decoding ability.

Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty decoding written text. Decoding involves translating letters into sounds and blending those sounds to read words. In dyslexia, underlying phonological processing weaknesses make learning and consistently applying sound-letter relationships hard, which lowers reading accuracy and fluency even when intelligence is typical and instruction is solid. Effective supports include explicit, systematic phonics instruction, ample decoding practice, and multisensory approaches to reinforce letter–sound connections.

The other options describe types of assessments or behavioral patterns rather than a reading disability. Norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests are ways to measure performance, while internalizing behaviors refer to emotional or social-emotional challenges, not decoding ability.